Reference library
Citations & sources
Every reference behind Hakim's cornerstone guides — the clinical trials, the systematic reviews, the modern guidelines, and the classical Persian medical texts. Nothing hidden.
Clinical trials & meta-analyses
- Auld F et al. — Meta-analysis of melatonin (Sleep Med Rev, 2017)Cited in:Should I take melatonin for sleep?
- Blue Zones observational work — Dan Buettner et al.Cited in:What is healthy aging?
- Blue Zones research — Buettner, National Geographic
- BMC Complementary Medicine — Magnesium and sleep quality systematic review (2021)Cited in:Does magnesium really help sleep?
- BMJ Open — Curcumin vs NSAIDs in osteoarthritis (systematic review)
- Buettner D — Blue Zones (National Geographic)Cited in:How do people live past 100?
- Cholesterol Treatment Trialists — Statins and vascular events (Lancet, 2010; 2015)
- Clinical Nutrition — Pomegranate juice and carotid atherosclerosis
Randomized trials in patients with vascular disease.
- Cochrane — Garlic for hypertension (meta-analyses, 2013–2020)
- Cochrane — Sodium reduction and blood pressure (2013)
- Diabetes Care — Postprandial walking and glycemic control
Multiple randomized trials, 2013–2022.
Cited in:Is walking enough exercise? - Estruch R et al. — PREDIMED (NEJM, 2018)
- European Journal of Preventive Cardiology — Tea consumption and mortality meta-analysisCited in:Is green tea really good for you?
- Godos J et al. — Eggs and CVD meta-analysis (Nutrients, 2021)Cited in:Are eggs healthy?
- Hartley L et al. — Soluble fiber for lipids (Cochrane, 2016)
- Journal of Ethnopharmacology — Crocus sativus RCTs
Multiple trials comparing saffron to fluoxetine and imipramine, 2005–2020.
Cited in:Does saffron really help mood? - Journal of Integrative Medicine — Saffron for depression meta-analysis (2019) Cited in:Does saffron really help mood?
- Khanna R et al. — Peppermint oil for IBS meta-analysis (J Clin Gastroenterol, 2014)Cited in:What are the benefits of mint?
- Lean ME et al. — DiRECT trial (Lancet, 2018)
- Lin FR et al. — ACHIEVE hearing aid trial (Lancet, 2023)
- Lin FR et al. — ACHIEVE trial (Lancet, 2023)Cited in:How can I lower my dementia risk?
- Manson JE et al. — VITAL trial (NEJM, 2019)Cited in:Do I need a vitamin D supplement?
- NEJM — DASH diet trial (Appel et al., 1997)
- Ngandu T et al. — FINGER trial (Lancet, 2015)
- Nutrients (2020) — Curcumin and inflammatory markers meta-analysis
- Oduwole O et al. — Honey for cough (Cochrane, 2018)Cited in:Is honey actually good for you?
- Ornish D et al. — Lifestyle Heart Trial (Lancet, 1990; JAMA, 1998)Cited in:How does stress affect the heart?
- Pharmacological Research (2017) — Pomegranate juice and blood pressure meta-analysis
- PREDIMED — New England Journal of Medicine (2018 revision)
- PREDIMED Trial — Mediterranean diet and cognition Cited in:Can walnuts improve memory?
- Preventive Medicine (2022) — Purpose in life and mortality meta-analysis
- Sesso HD et al. — COSMOS trial (Am J Clin Nutr, 2022)Cited in:Is dark chocolate actually healthy?
- Sherrington C et al. — Exercise for preventing falls (Cochrane, 2019)
- Siervo M et al. — Dietary nitrate and BP meta-analysis (J Nutr, 2013)Cited in:Are beets good for you?
- SPRINT trial — Intensive blood pressure control (NEJM, 2015)
- Watson SL et al. — LIFTMOR trial (JBMR, 2018)Cited in:How can I protect my bone health?
- Zeng T et al. — Garlic and lipids meta-analysis (J Sci Food Agric)Cited in:Is garlic really good for you?
Guidelines & authorities
- 2018 US Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee ReportCited in:How much exercise do I really need?
- 2019 ACC/AHA Cholesterol Guidelines (Circulation)
- 2021 ESC Cardiovascular Prevention Guidelines (Eur Heart J)
- Adan A — Cognitive performance and dehydration (J Am Coll Nutr, 2012)
- Aune D et al. — Whole grains and mortality (BMJ, 2016)Cited in:Do whole grains really matter?
- Levine GN et al. — Meditation and cardiovascular risk (AHA Scientific Statement, Circulation 2017) Cited in:How does stress affect the heart?
- NIH Osteoporosis and Related Bone Diseases National Resource CenterCited in:How can I protect my bone health?
- Qaseem A et al. — ACP guideline on chronic insomnia (Ann Intern Med, 2016)Cited in:How do I overcome insomnia?
- Walnuts and Healthy Aging (WAHA) study Cited in:Can walnuts improve memory?
- WHO — Decade of Healthy Ageing 2020–2030 Cited in:What is healthy aging?
- WHO 2020 Physical Activity Guidelines (Bull World Health Organ) Cited in:How much exercise do I really need?
Persian & traditional texts
- Ibn Sina — The Canon of Medicine (Al-Qanun fi'l-Tibb, ~1025)
Primary source for mizaj.
Other academic sources
- AASM — CBT-I as first-line treatment for chronic insomniaCited in:How can I sleep better naturally?
- American Journal of Clinical Nutrition — nut intake and cognitive decline
Observational cohort studies, 2015–2023.
Cited in:Can walnuts improve memory? - American Journal of Clinical Nutrition — Urolithins and cardiometabolic markers
- Amsterdam JD et al. — Chamomile for generalized anxiety (Phytomedicine, 2016)Cited in:What are the benefits of chamomile?
- Bannuru RR et al. — OA management (Osteoarthritis Cartilage, 2019)
- Bauer J et al. — PROT-AGE protein recommendations (JAMDA, 2013)
- Berryman CE et al. — Almonds and gut microbiota (Am J Clin Nutr)Cited in:Are almonds good for you?
- Bischoff-Ferrari HA et al. — Vitamin D and falls (BMJ, 2009)Cited in:Do I need a vitamin D supplement?
- Bolland MJ et al. — Calcium supplements and cardiovascular risk (BMJ, 2010)Cited in:How can I protect my bone health?
- British Journal of Nutrition — Polyphenols in extra-virgin olive oil
Reviews of oleocanthal, hydroxytyrosol, and cardiovascular endpoints.
Cited in:Is olive oil really that healthy? - Brooks A, Lack L — A brief afternoon nap (Sleep, 2006)Cited in:Are naps good for you?
- Burgess HJ et al. — Melatonin dose and phase shifting (J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2010)Cited in:Should I take melatonin for sleep?
- Chen M et al. — Yogurt and type 2 diabetes (BMC Med, 2014)Cited in:What are the benefits of yogurt?
- Cheng HM et al. — Tomato and cardiovascular disease (Atherosclerosis, 2017)Cited in:Are tomatoes good for you?
- Cruz-Jentoft AJ et al. — EWGSOP2 Sarcopenia (Age & Ageing, 2019)Cited in:How can I preserve muscle after 60?
- Cyrino ES et al. — Mobility training in older adults (Age, 2014)
- Darmadi-Blackberry I et al. — Legumes and longevity (Asia Pac J Clin Nutr, 2004)Cited in:Are legumes good for you?
- Devore EE et al. — Berries and cognitive aging (Ann Neurol, 2012)
- Diekelmann S, Born J — The memory function of sleep (Nat Rev Neurosci, 2010)
- Dmitrieva NI et al. — Hydration and aging (eBioMedicine, 2023)
- Draganski B et al. — Structural brain changes with learning (Nature, 2004)
- Dunlosky J et al. — Improving students' learning (Psychol Sci Public Interest, 2013)Cited in:How do adults learn best?
- Dutheil F et al. — Naps and cardiovascular risk (Sleep Med Rev, 2021)Cited in:Are naps good for you?
- Ekelund U et al. — Activity and mortality dose-response (BMJ, 2019)Cited in:How much exercise do I really need?
- Emmons RA, McCullough ME — Gratitude and wellbeing (J Pers Soc Psychol, 2003)
- Erickson KI et al. — Exercise, hippocampus, and memory (PNAS, 2011)
- Espie CA et al. — Digital CBT-I (Lancet Psychiatry, 2019)Cited in:How do I overcome insomnia?
- European Journal of Preventive Cardiology — Step count and mortality (2023)
- Faraone SV et al. — International consensus statement on ADHD (Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 2021)Cited in:Can adults have ADHD?
- Feng L et al. — Mushrooms and cognitive impairment (J Alzheimers Dis, 2019)Cited in:Are mushrooms actually medicinal?
- Fiatarone MA et al. — Strength training in nonagenarians (NEJM, 1994)
- Ford AC et al. — IBS management (Am J Gastroenterol, 2014)Cited in:How do I manage IBS naturally?
- Fried LP et al. — Frailty in older adults (J Gerontol, 2001)
- Furman D et al. — Chronic inflammation across the life span (Nat Med, 2019)
- Furman D et al. — Chronic inflammation in disease across the life span (Nat Med, 2019)
- Ghasemi V et al. — Fennel and dysmenorrhea (J Herb Med, 2020)Cited in:What are the benefits of fennel?
- Grundy SM et al. — Metabolic syndrome definition (Circulation, 2005)
- Haghayegh S et al. — Passive body heating and sleep (Sleep Med Rev, 2019)
- Hall KD et al. — Ultra-processed food and intake (Cell Metab, 2019)
- Harvard T.H. Chan / JACC (2022) — Olive oil consumption and mortality Cited in:Is olive oil really that healthy?
- Holt-Lunstad J — Social relationships and mortality (PLOS Medicine, 2010)Cited in:How do people live past 100?
- Holt-Lunstad J et al. — Loneliness and mortality (Perspect Psychol Sci, 2015)Cited in:How do I cope with loneliness?
- Holt-Lunstad J et al. — Social relationships and mortality (PLoS Med, 2010)
- Irish LA et al. — Sleep hygiene evidence review (Sleep Med Rev, 2015)Cited in:What is sleep hygiene?
- JAMA (Ohsaki Study, 2006) — Green tea and mortality Cited in:Is green tea really good for you?
- JAMA Internal Medicine — Walking pace and biological age
- JAMA Network Open (2019) — Life purpose and mortality in older adults
- Jenkins DJA et al. — Portfolio Diet (JAMA, 2011)
- Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine — Temperature, alcohol, and sleep architectureCited in:How can I sleep better naturally?
- Journal of Nutrition — Hibiscus tea and blood pressure (McKay et al., 2010)
- Journal of Research in Medical Sciences — Magnesium and insomnia in older adults (Abbasi et al., 2012)Cited in:Does magnesium really help sleep?
- Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine — reviews on mizaj concordance studies (2015–2023)
- Kasper S et al. — Silexan in anxiety (Int Clin Psychopharmacol, 2014)Cited in:What are the benefits of lavender?
- Kay CD et al. — Pistachios and cardiovascular risk (J Nutr, 2010)Cited in:Are pistachios good for you?
- Kemmerich B — Thyme in acute bronchitis (Arzneimittelforschung, 2007)Cited in:What are the benefits of thyme?
- Kennedy DO et al. — Sage and cognition (Pharmacol Biochem Behav, 2006)Cited in:What are the benefits of sage?
- Knowler WC et al. — Diabetes Prevention Program (NEJM, 2002)Cited in:Can prediabetes be reversed?
- Krupp LB — Post-infectious cognitive symptoms (reviews)
- Laukkanen T et al. — Sauna and cardiovascular mortality (JAMA Intern Med, 2015)Cited in:Is sauna really good for you?
- Li F et al. — Tai chi and fall prevention (JAMA Intern Med, 2018)
- Li Y et al. — Impact of healthy lifestyle factors on life expectancy (Circulation, 2018)Cited in:How do people live past 100?
- Libby P — Inflammation and atherosclerosis (Circulation, 2021)
- Livingston G et al. — Lancet Commission on dementia (Lancet, 2024)
- Livingston G et al. — Lancet Commission on dementia prevention (Lancet, 2024)
- Mahboubi M — Rosa damascena review (J Tradit Complement Med, 2016)Cited in:What are the benefits of rose?
- Mander BA et al. — Sleep and human aging (Neuron, 2017)
- Manson JE et al. — Menopause and HRT (JAMA, 2017)Cited in:How do I navigate menopause well?
- Marefati N et al. — Onion and cardiovascular effects (J Ethnopharmacol, 2021)Cited in:Are onions good for you?
- Marx W et al. — Ginger in nausea (Nutr Rev, 2013)Cited in:What are the benefits of ginger?
- Maslach C, Leiter MP — Burnout research review (World Psychiatry, 2016)Cited in:How do I recover from burnout?
- Momma H et al. — Muscle-strengthening and mortality (BJSM, 2022)Cited in:How much exercise do I really need?
- Morris JN — Coronary heart disease and physical activity of work (Lancet, 1953)Cited in:How much exercise do I really need?
- Morris JN — Coronary heart-disease and physical activity of work (Lancet, 1953)Cited in:How does walking protect the heart?
- Morris MC et al. — MIND diet and cognition (Alzheimers Dement, 2015)Cited in:Why are leafy greens so important?
- Moss M, Oliver L — Rosemary aroma & cognition (Ther Adv Psychopharmacol, 2012)Cited in:What are the benefits of rosemary?
- Mozaffarian D, Rimm EB — Fish and cardiovascular disease (JAMA, 2006)Cited in:Is fish good for you?
- Musa-Veloso K et al. — Almonds and LDL cholesterol (Nutr Rev, 2016)Cited in:Are almonds good for you?
- Ness-Jensen E et al. — Lifestyle in GERD (Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2016)
- New England Centenarian Study — Boston UniversityCited in:How do people live past 100?
- Nieman DC — Exercise and immunity (J Sport Health Sci, 2019)
- Nurses' Health Study — Combined lifestyle factors and longevity Cited in:What is healthy aging?
- Nurses' Health Study — Walking and coronary events (Manson et al., NEJM 1999) Cited in:How does walking protect the heart?
- Nutrients — Dietary magnesium and sleep in the general population (2022)Cited in:Does magnesium really help sleep?
- Nutritional Neuroscience — L-theanine and attentionCited in:Is green tea really good for you?
- Pahor M et al. — LIFE Study (JAMA, 2014)
- Panda S — Circadian physiology (Cell, 2016)
- Park DC et al. — The Synapse Project (Psychol Sci, 2014)
- Petersen RC — Mild cognitive impairment (NEJM, 2011)Cited in:Is forgetfulness a sign of dementia?
- Peterson MD et al. — Resistance training in older adults (Ageing Res Rev, 2010)Cited in:How can I preserve muscle after 60?
- Phytotherapy Research — Saffron and PMS symptoms Cited in:Does saffron really help mood?
- Planta Medica — Piperine and curcumin bioavailability
Landmark bioavailability study, 1998.
- Pormann & Savage-Smith — Medieval Islamic Medicine (Edinburgh, 2007)
- Rahideh ST et al. — Sumac in type 2 diabetes (J Res Med Sci, 2014)
- Rahmani AH et al. — Dates review (Int J Clin Exp Med, 2014)Cited in:Are dates good for you?
- Ridker PM et al. — CANTOS (NEJM, 2017)
- Ried K — Garlic and blood pressure (J Nutr, 2020)Cited in:Is garlic really good for you?
- Roediger HL, Karpicke JD — Test-enhanced learning (Psychol Sci, 2006)Cited in:How do adults learn best?
- Romero-Gomez M et al. — Lifestyle in NAFLD (J Hepatol, 2017)Cited in:Can fatty liver be reversed?
- Rosengren A et al. — INTERHEART psychosocial factors (Lancet, 2004) Cited in:How does stress affect the heart?
- Sahebkar A et al. — Nigella sativa meta-analyses (Phytomedicine, 2016)
- Sauder KA et al. — Pistachios and glucose control (Nutrition, 2015)Cited in:Are pistachios good for you?
- Shidfar F et al. — Sumac and glycemic control (Iran J Pharm Res, 2014)
- Sleep — Morning light exposure and circadian entrainment
Multiple controlled studies.
Cited in:How can I sleep better naturally? - SPRINT-MIND Investigators (JAMA, 2019)Cited in:How can I lower my dementia risk?
- Stern Y — Cognitive reserve (Lancet Neurol, 2012)
- Stubbs B et al. — Exercise and anxiety (Psychiatry Res, 2017)Cited in:How can I ease anxiety naturally?
- Studenski S et al. — Gait speed and survival (JAMA, 2011)Cited in:How do I stay independent as I age?
- Sutton EF et al. — Early time-restricted feeding (Cell Metab, 2018)
- Tardif JC et al. — COLCOT (NEJM, 2019)
- Templin C et al. — Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (NEJM, 2015)Cited in:How does stress affect the heart?
- The Lancet Commission on Dementia Prevention (2020, 2024 updates)Cited in:What is healthy aging?
- Trichopoulou A et al. — Mediterranean diet and survival (NEJM, 2003)
- Turati F et al. — Allium vegetables and cancer (Mol Nutr Food Res, 2015)Cited in:Are onions good for you?
- van Dyck CH et al. — Lecanemab in early Alzheimer's (NEJM, 2023)Cited in:What is Alzheimer's disease?
- Vinson JA — Dried fruit and polyphenols (J Am Coll Nutr, 2005)Cited in:Are figs good for you?
- Walker MP — Sleep and athletic recovery (Sleep Med Rev, 2017)
- Ward AF et al. — Brain drain: the mere presence of one's own smartphone (JACR, 2017)Cited in:How can I improve my focus?
- Wastyk HC et al. — Fermented foods and microbiome (Cell, 2021)Cited in:Are fermented foods good for you?
- White MP et al. — Nature and health (Sci Rep, 2019)
- Wright KP et al. — Entrainment of the circadian clock to the natural light-dark cycle (Curr Biol, 2013)
- Wright KP et al. — Sunlight and circadian entrainment (Curr Biol, 2013)
- Yang J et al. — Fiber and constipation (World J Gastroenterol, 2012)
- Zaccaro A et al. — Slow breathing and physiology (Front Hum Neurosci, 2018)Cited in:How does stress affect the heart?
- Zaccaro A et al. — Slow breathing review (Front Hum Neurosci, 2018)
- Zeidan F et al. — Mindfulness meditation and attention (Conscious Cogn, 2010)Cited in:How can I improve my focus?
Where evidence is uncertain, we say so on the article itself. This library is the shared ground beneath every Hakim guide.